Finite Element Analysis Applied to the Stability Evaluation of a Cantilever Retaining Wall for Urban Roads

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Abstract

A cantiléver retaining wall is a reinforced concrete structure composed of a vertical stem monolithically connected to a footing with a heel and toe, designed to resist lateral earth pressure. This type of solution is commonly used in urban areas where slope stabilization and protection of road infrastructure are required. This study evaluates a 4-meter-high cantilever wall designed for the protection of El Limón road, located in the canton of Machala, El Oro Province, Ecuador. The main objective was to analyze its structural and geotechnical behavior through two methodologies: the analytical approach based on the Ecuadorian Construction Standard (NEC–2015), and numerical modeling using the finite element method with Plaxis 3D software, under both static and seismic conditions.
Field and laboratory studies were conducted to characterize the soil and determine key parameters such as cohesion, internal friction angle, and groundwater level. Safety factors against the most critical failure modes—overturning, sliding, and bearing capacity—were evaluated. The results indicated that the wall meets the minimum regulatory requirements in both conditions. Numerical modeling allowed a more detailed visualization of displacements and the soil–structure interaction. In conclusion, the combined use of traditional analysis and numerical tools enhances structural design, improves system reliability, and provides a more comprehensive technical basis for retaining structures in urban environments.